Gross Margin Calculator
Calculate your gross margin percentage, gross profit in dollars, and markup ratio instantly from revenue and cost of goods sold. Compare margins across products, evaluate pricing strategies, and benchmark profitability against industry standards — essential for business owners, accountants, and investors.
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What is Gross Margin?
Gross margin is the percentage of revenue remaining after subtracting the direct cost of producing goods or services (COGS). Calculated as (Revenue − COGS) ÷ Revenue × 100, a gross margin of 40% means the company retains $0.40 from every dollar of sales to cover operating expenses, marketing, R&D, and profit. It is the most fundamental profitability metric for any business.
Gross margins vary dramatically by industry: SaaS and software companies often achieve 70-85%, professional services 50-70%, retail and e-commerce 25-50%, grocery stores 25-35%, restaurants 60-70% (on food), and manufacturing 25-40%. Tracking gross margin trends over time and comparing against industry benchmarks reveals whether a business is pricing effectively and controlling production costs.
使用される計算公式・方程式
この計算ツールは5つの主要な公式を使用しています：
1 Gross Margin Percentage ▼
Revenue of $500,000 with COGS of $300,000: Gross Margin = ($200,000 / $500,000) × 100 = 40%.
2 Gross Profit ▼
Revenue $500,000 - COGS $300,000 = Gross Profit $200,000.
3 Markup Percentage ▼
With $200K profit on $300K COGS: Markup = ($200K / $300K) × 100 = 66.7%. Note: markup and margin are different calculations.
Explore all calculation options on the 比率計算ツール home page.
比率計算ツールの使い方
この比率計算ツールは、以下の3ステップで簡単にご利用いただけます：
数値を入力
入力欄に既知の比率の値を入力します。求めたい未知数の入力欄は空欄のままにしておきます。
モードを選択
比率モード（解く、簡素化、スケーリング）を選択します。各モードで異なる計算式が適用されます。
結果を確認
計算するボタンを押します。結果画面に答えと、視覚的な比率バー、円グラフ、詳細なステップバイステップの解決プロセスが表示されます。
実例問題と段階的な解説
本比率計算ツールを使って、以下の3つの例題をステップバイステップで解決するプロセスです：
入力 1 Revenue $250,000 and COGS $150,000
入力 2 Product costs $12 to make, sells for $30
入力 3 Target 35% margin, COGS is $65
よくある質問 (FAQ)
What is a good gross margin? ▼
It varies by industry. Software/SaaS: 70-85% is standard. Professional services: 50-70%. Retail: 25-50%. Grocery: 25-35%. Manufacturing: 25-40%. Restaurants: 60-70% on food. Compare to your specific industry average rather than a universal benchmark.
What is the difference between gross margin and net margin? ▼
Gross margin subtracts only direct production costs (COGS) from revenue. Net margin subtracts all expenses including operating costs, interest, and taxes. A company can have a healthy 60% gross margin but only 10% net margin after accounting for marketing, rent, salaries, and other overhead.
How do I calculate the selling price from a target margin? ▼
Use: Selling Price = COGS ÷ (1 - Target Margin). For a product costing $12 with a target 40% margin: Price = $12 ÷ (1 - 0.40) = $12 ÷ 0.60 = $20.00. Verify: ($20 - $12) ÷ $20 = 40% margin.
What is the difference between margin and markup? ▼
Margin = Profit ÷ Selling Price. Markup = Profit ÷ Cost. On a $100 sale with $60 cost: Margin = 40/100 = 40%. Markup = 40/60 = 66.7%. Margin is always lower than markup for the same transaction. Most financial statements use margin; retailers often use markup.
Does gross margin include labor costs? ▼
It includes direct labor — the workers directly involved in producing the product or delivering the service. It does not include indirect labor like management, accounting, marketing, or administrative staff. Those fall under operating expenses and affect operating margin, not gross margin.
How does volume affect gross margin? ▼
Higher volumes often improve gross margin through economies of scale: bulk material discounts, better factory utilization, and lower per-unit overhead allocation. However, if volume requires overtime labor, premium shipping, or additional equipment, margin may decrease beyond a certain point.
What is contribution margin? ▼
Contribution margin = Selling Price - Variable Costs per unit. It is similar to gross margin but includes only variable costs (not fixed manufacturing overhead). It shows how much each unit contributes toward covering fixed costs and generating profit. It is used in break-even analysis.
Should I track gross margin by product or overall? ▼
Both. Product-level margins reveal which items are most profitable and which may be selling at a loss. Company-wide margin shows overall business health. A healthy company margin can mask unprofitable products that drag down the average.
How does gross margin affect company valuation? ▼
Higher gross margins indicate pricing power, competitive advantages (brand, patents, switching costs), and efficient operations. Investors value high-margin businesses more highly because they can sustain profitability through economic downturns. SaaS companies with 80%+ margins command premium valuation multiples.
What reduces gross margin over time? ▼
Common causes include: rising raw material or input costs, competitor price pressure forcing lower prices, unfavorable product mix shifts (selling more low-margin products), manufacturing inefficiencies, supply chain disruptions increasing logistics costs, and currency fluctuations for international sourcing.
Can gross margin be negative? ▼
Yes. If COGS exceeds revenue, the gross margin is negative — the company loses money on every unit sold before any operating expenses. This is unsustainable and indicates the product is priced below cost or production is severely inefficient. Negative margin sometimes occurs temporarily in loss-leader strategies or market entry pricing.